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Five Psalms of David

First Testament

Second Testament

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Excerpt

In a Syriac manuscript, formerly belonging to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, but now deposited in the University Library of Cambridge, I find the following apocryphal Psalms, which, with the exception of the first, have not yet, so far as I know, been printed anywhere. The manuscript contains the ܟܬܒܐ ܕܕܘܪܫܐ or 'Book of Discipline,' a large theological treatise, composed on a very artificial plan, by Elias, bishop of Peroz-Shabhor or al-Anbar (who lived about A.D. 920). At the end of the first section of this work, the scribe has added a few excerpts for the purpose of filling up some blank leaves. These are: (1) the Psalms in question; (2) explanations of some difficult words in 'the Book of the Paradise'; and (3) a disputation between a Jacobite and a Nestorian. The scribe was the well known Homo of Al-Kosh, near Mosul, 'the village of the prophet Nahum.' He has recorded his name in several subscriptions, but as the manuscript is imperfect at the end, the exact date of writing is not given. It must, however, roughly speaking, lie between A.D. 1675 and 1712, and the watermark in the paper—three crescents with a rather small adjunct of this shape in one corner of the page—would seem to belong to the latter part of the 17th century.

These same Psalms, five in number, are also found, with the same adjuncts, in the Vatican manuscript of Elias of al-Anbar's work, Vatican Syriac manuscript no. 183. Professor Guidi has, with his usual kindness, collated this manuscript for me. It is dated A. Gr. 2014 (A.D. 1703), and was written at Al-Kosh by one Khaushabha bar Daniel.

The Psalms are five in number, of which the first is that ordinarily numbered as Ps. 151 in Greek and Syriac Hexaplar manuscripts (see, for example, the Codex Ambrosianus).

William Wright Some Apocryphal Psalms in Syriac 1887

Timeline

These apocryphal writings were preserved in Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Ethiopic.

Hellenistic (332-63 BC) Roman (63 BC on)
300 200 100 0 100 200 AD
Maccabean Revolt167-160 BC Destruction of the Temple70 AD Bar Kokhba Revolt132–135 AD

Chapters

151 152 153 154 155

Outline

  1. Psalm 151: David the shepherd, chosen, anointed, and victorious over Goliath 1:1-8
  2. Psalm 152: David's plea when the lion and the wolf took a sheep from his flock 2:1-6
  3. Psalm 153: David's thanksgiving after his deliverance from the lion and the wolf 3:1-6
  4. Psalm 154: A call to glorify God, in whom wisdom is given to make known His glory 4:1-17
  5. Psalm 155: A plea for deliverance, cleansing, and the redemption of Israel 5:1-20

Manuscript witnesses

Major codices

Codex Sinaiticus — c. 330–360 AD
A fourth-century majuscule containing the complete New Testament.
Codex Alexandrinus — 5th century AD
A fifth-century majuscule of the Greek Bible.
Baghdad Chaldean Patriarchate MS 1113 — 12th century AD
A twelfth-century Syriac codex from the Mosul region, the earliest witness preserving all five apocryphal psalms of David together as a collection.

Other witnesses

Great Psalms Scroll (11QPs-a) — c. 30-50 C
A Qumran Psalms scroll with a distinctive order and additional compositions, including Psalm 151.

Sources

  1. a Coogan, Michael D. The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2018.
  2. b Wright, William. "Some Apocryphal Psalms in Syriac." Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 9 (1887): 257-266.